What is a visual approach under IFR?
A visual approach is an approach under IFR conditions in which the pilot does not use the full instrument approach procedure and instead performs the approach with ground visibility. Parts of the approach procedure or the entire approach can be based on visual references. However, the pilot must obtain the appropriate clearance from air traffic control.
Requirements for the release of a visual approach
The regulations set out clear conditions for carrying out visual approaches:
- Earth view: The pilot must have an adequate view of the ground at all times.
- Main cloud base: This must be at least at or above the height of the initial approach segment, or the aircraft must already be below this limit.
- Message from the pilot: If the pilot reports during the instrument approach procedure that the weather conditions allow a visual approach, ATC can give clearance. Alternatively, ATC can suggest a visual approach, which the pilot must agree to.
Note: Visual approaches are also permitted in instrument meteorological conditions, provided the above conditions are met.
Responsibility of the pilot
With the granting of clearance for a visual approach, the Full responsibility for maintaining obstacle clearance transferred to the pilot. This means that the pilot must ensure that no obstacles or terrain formations pose a hazard. The pilot is also responsible for ensuring that the visual approach is performed safely and in accordance with the regulations.
Special features when performing visual approaches
- Radar guides: Visual approaches during a radar-guided approach are only possible when the pilot has reported the aerodrome or the aircraft ahead in sight.
- Change of piste: A runway change on final approach is only permitted if the conditions for a visual approach are met.
- Traffic situation: The approval of a visual approach depends on the traffic situation and possible noise protection regulations.
Procedure for pilots
Pilots planning a visual approach should note the following points:
- Enquiry: Visual approaches must be actively requested from air traffic control. Examples of communication are as follows:
- "Request visual approach runway [designator]."
- "Request vectors for visual approach runway [designator]."
- Confirmation: As soon as the conditions for a visual approach are met, this must be reported to air traffic control:
- "Able to accept visual approach runway [designator]."
- Independent separation: Pilots are responsible for obstacle clearance and separation from other aircraft if this duty has been delegated by air traffic control.
Procedures for air traffic control
Air traffic control can offer pilots a visual approach to speed up the flow of traffic. The prerequisite for this is that the reported main cloud base fulfils the required criteria. Examples of communication from air traffic control are as follows:
- "Advise able to accept visual approach runway [designator]."
In addition, air traffic control can assign individual missed approach procedures, especially for runway changes on final approach.
Restrictions and flight restrictions
Due to noise protection regulations or other local flight restrictions, visual approaches may be prohibited temporarily or for certain runways. However, exceptions apply to
- Priority flights (STS/SAR),
- Medical flights (HOSP) and
- Calibration flights (FLTCK).
Safety and staggering rules
Compliance with separation from other aircraft is primarily ensured by the air traffic control centre. During the day, this responsibility can be transferred to the pilot, which then independently maintains the graduation, for example by issuing instructions such as:
- "Number 2, follow [aircraft type] at [position], maintain own separation."
Conclusion
The new regulations for IFR visual approaches entail clear rules and responsibilities. They promote flexibility and efficiency in air traffic by allowing pilots to perform visual approaches as soon as conditions permit. At the same time, they give pilots greater responsibility for safety and obstacle clearance.
Pilots should familiarise themselves with the new requirements and procedures in order to be able to implement them safely and efficiently. Air traffic control supports this by providing precise communication and ensuring separation where necessary.
Source references:
NFL (the link requires a subscription to Eisenschmidt)
