Human factors deals with the psychological, physiological and social factors that influence the behaviour and performance of pilots. The aim of this subject is to provide pilots with an in-depth understanding of human strengths and weaknesses in order to minimise risks and maximise safety in flight operations. It is important to emphasise that the content presented here is only exemplary. A full discussion takes place as part of the theoretical training.
Human factors in aviation
1. scientific models
The study of human factors in aviation has led to the development of scientific models that improve the understanding of human behaviour and its impact on safety in flight operations.
- SHELL model:
- The SHELL model analyses the interactions between the elements software (procedures, checklists), hardware (aircraft technology), environment (environmental conditions) and liveware (people).
- The aim is to identify and minimise potential weaknesses at the interfaces between these elements. One example is the coordination between human users and automated systems, where incorrect settings or misunderstandings can lead to errors.
- Threat and Error Management (TEM):
- This model describes how to deal with threats and errors in an operational aviation context.
- Important components are the early detection of potential hazards, the application of countermeasures and post-processing to avoid repeated errors. One example is the proactive identification of unfavourable weather conditions and the timely rescheduling of the flight.
2. safety culture
- Definition and meaning:
- A safety culture is created through values, standards and behaviour that focus on the goal of safety.
- It is based on an open communication culture that allows errors and incidents to be reported without fear of sanctions.
- Practical implementation:
- Training to strengthen safety awareness and promote teamwork.
- Establishment of error reporting systems that enable pilots and ground staff to document risks and near-miss incidents.
Aspects of aviation psychology
1. human information processing
Human information processing is a complex process that involves the intake, processing and utilisation of information.
- Recording:
- Information is recorded via the senses (sight, hearing, touch). For example, a pilot visually records the position of an aircraft on the navigation display while processing acoustic instructions from ATC.
- Processing:
- The information received is analysed in the working memory and linked to existing experiences. However, limited working memory capacity can lead to overload, especially in stressful situations.
- Realisation:
- Based on the interpretation of the information, the pilot makes decisions and implements them, e.g. through control movements or changes to the configuration of the aircraft.
2. human error
Errors are an unavoidable part of human action, but can be minimised by using suitable strategies.
- Types of errors:
- Briefs: Unintentional errors, such as pressing the wrong switch.
- Lapses: Memory errors, e.g. skipping a checklist item.
- Mistakes: Wrong decisions due to insufficient information or incorrect assumptions.
- Error avoidance:
- The use of checklists, the automation of routine tasks and the establishment of clear communication protocols are essential methods for minimising errors.
- Error management:
- Active intervention to correct errors before they lead to serious consequences, e.g. through the concept of "cross-checks" within a cockpit team.
3. decision making
Decision-making processes in aviation are often time-critical and require quick, yet well-founded action.
- Models of decision making:
- The FOR-DEC model (Facts, Options, Risks and Benefits, Decision, Execution, Check) offers a structured approach to analysing and implementing decisions.
- Risk management:
- Pilots have to weigh up risks and make decisions that optimise both the safety and efficiency of the flight.
4. limits of human performance
- Physical limits:
- Factors such as fatigue, dehydration or lack of oxygen can significantly impair cognitive and physical performance.
- Mental limits:
- Stress and work overload can lead to tunnel vision, reduced decision-making quality and increased susceptibility to errors.
Aspects of aviation-related healthcare
1. fit to fly
- Medical requirements:
- Regular examinations ensure that pilots are physically and mentally able to fulfil their duties.
- Pilots should be aware of how acute or chronic illnesses can affect their abilities.
2. alcohol and drugs
- Dangers:
- Alcohol and psychoactive substances impair judgement, responsiveness and perception. Even small amounts can jeopardise flight safety.
Perception
1. basics of perception
- Filtering:
- The brain filters out irrelevant information, which under certain conditions (e.g. high workload) can lead to important perceptual deficits.
2. visual perception
- Challenges:
- Glare, darkness and limited visibility can impair the ability to perceive important information correctly.
3. spatial orientation
- Disorientation:
- Acceleration and sudden movements can lead to illusions, such as the "Graveyard Spiral", where pilots lose control without realising it.
Conclusion
The subject of human performance provides pilots with an understanding of the psychological, physiological and social factors that influence the safety and efficiency of flight operations. The topics covered here are only a selection of the content of this subject.
Source references:
EASA FCL